Abstract- Aims: The present study was carried out to evaluate the cytogenetic toxicity effects of aqueous and ethanol crude extracts of the leaf of Portulaca oleracea L. against two malignant cell lines which were Murine mammary adenocarcinoma (AMN3), human Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and one normal cell line which was kidney epithelium of African green monkey (Vero). Also the study included the antiproliferative effects of aqueous and ethanol crude extracts of P. oleracea leaf on the mitotic index (cell division) of Vero, AMN3 and RD cell lines In vitro. Study Design: Cell based assay. Place and Duration: Research center, University Salahaddin, Hawler, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, between 2010-2012. Methodology: After plant sample treatment were observed and have reported through several assays such as trypan blue exlusion assay for cell viability, cytotoxicity assay by crystal violet and mitotic index assay. Result and Conclusion: The aqueous crude extract was found to be more effective antiproliferate agent than the ethanol crude extract. Both extracts exhibited time-dependent cytotoxic effects against AMN3 and RD cancer cell lines. In which AMN3 was more sensitive to the extracts than RD. All concentrations of aqueous extract were affected AMN3 cell line at 72 Hrs. of exposure, but for ethanol extract the last dose (0.01µg/ml) was not effective. While the Vero normal cell line showed resistance toward all concentrations of both extracts except the first dose (10000µg/ml), at all time of exposure (24, 48 and 72) Hrs. Also the antiproliferative effects of aqueous and ethanol crude extracts of Portulaca oleracea leaf were tested for mitotic index for Vero, AMN3 and RD cell lines in vitro after being treated to the extracts at (10000 and 1000) µg/ml for three times of exposure (24, 48 and 72) Hrs. It is revealed that the reduction in mitotic index in both cancer cell lines (AMN3 and RD) were found especially at 72 Hrs. of exposure, in which both crude extracts had the same effects on cell division, and showed time-dependent inhibitory effects. But the reduction of mitotic index in Vero normal cell line has been less noted, especially at 24 and 48 Hrs. of exposure. But at the 72 Hrs. of exposure showed some reduction in cell divisions when compared to the control.

Numerous species in the genus Burkholderia have interesting properties for potential industrial applications including production of antibiotics, biosurfactants, bioplastics and degradation of environmental contaminants. The aims of this study were to determine the antifungal activity of volatile secondary metabolites produced by four strains of Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola (Bga) against the two phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani and to characterize biochemically the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the most bioactive Bga strain ICMP11096 tested in this study using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The studied strains showed antifungal activity against the tested phytopathogenic fungi through production of volatile bioactive metabolites. The biochemical characterization of VOCs of Bga ICMP11096 has detected two bioactive volatile compounds. The first one was a liquid hydrocarbon cyclic terpene and was identified as cyclohexene 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl) and commonly considered one of the more frequent d- isomers of limonene. The second one was identified as 4-flavanone (4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2, 3-dihydro-2-phenyl). The two produced VOCs could be the main responsible for the antifungal activity.

China is new to Bayesian adaptive designs. In Phase I, all designs are adaptive and Bayesian designs have been heavily researched and implemented in US. However, in China, especially inland areas, there ordinarily lacks logistical foundations and sufficient numbers of qualified biostatisticans to equip clinical trials with advanced designs. This paper focuses on the phase I oncology studies and explores the performance, practical issues, and potential usability of two Bayesian designs: the continual reassessment method (CRM ) and the modified toxic probability interval (mTPI) design. We conclude that both designs provide desirable operating characteristics but the mTPI design is more suitable for China due to its transparency and simplicity. For example, mTPI does not require real-time online trial conduct tools that are otherwise needed to implement CRM. In addition, we propose a minor modification of the original mTPI that results in a sample size reduction compared to the original mTPI method.

Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway plays a major role in embryonic development and tumorogenesis on several human cancers. In colorectal cancer, the frequent mutations of Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), β-Catenin and Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) leads to accumulate the unphosphorylated β-catenin in cytoplasm. Further, its translocate into the nucleus, where it interacted with T-cell factor/Lymphocyte enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) family of transcription factors to activate inappropriate expression of downstream targets. Therefore, Wnt/β-Catenin signaling proteins are mainly focused as potential therapeutic targets on colorectal cancer. In recent investigations, the antitumorogenic and chemopreventive property of phytochemicals extracted from the flowers of Butea monosperma (Bm) has been elucidated by using transgenic and rodent animal models. In the present study, the eight major compounds of n-butanol fractions of Bm flowers were docked against Wnt/β-Catenin signaling proteins by using AutoDock tool v 4.2 and ADT v1.5.4. The incurred active compounds of butrin and isobutrin showed a good binding interaction with Wnt/β-Catenin proteins. Hence, this finding suggesting that butrin and isobutrin would be considered as a potent antitumorogenic drug to target Wnt/β-Catenin associated cancers.