Arjun Ram1*, Duraisamy Arul Joseph2, Selvakumar Balachandar3, Vijay Pal Singh4
1Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
2Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
3Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
4Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
* Corresponding Author : aram@igib.res.in
Received : - Accepted : - Published : 21-12-2009
Volume : 1 Issue : 2 Pages : 20 - 30
Int J Pharmaceut Anal 1.2 (2009):20-30
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.9735/0975-3079.1.2.20-30
Keywords : Siddha system of medicine, medicinal plants, Asthma, Bronchitis, Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, Siddhars, traditional systems, emphysema
Conflict of Interest : None declared
Acknowledgements/Funding : Authors acknowledge Mr. Gopal Dhananjeyan for
collecting some rare references for this
manuscript preparation
Siddha system of medicine (SSM) is one of the oldest traditional systems of medicine, which has been originated from India and is practiced mostly in the southern part of this country for treating various diseases including even chronic conditions. However, it is relatively veiled to the scientific community as compared to other traditional systems such as Ayurveda (a popular Indian medicine), TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) and Kampo (traditional Japanese medicine). Respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a serious health problem, which are increasing rapidly worldwide. The current therapy has its own shortcomings and notable adverse effects. There is an intense need to search some safer alternative therapy for treating these epidemic diseases. The objectives of this article is, first, to increase the awareness about SSM to the scientific community, thus inviting more scientific studies on this system, and secondly, to list certain medicinal plants of this system which are commonly used for treating respiratory diseases. To explore the possibility for obtaining potential drugs from these plants, certain future perspectives have also been discussed.
[1] Lu Y. (2003) Critical Care Nursing Clinics of
North America, 15, 313-319
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[2] Gilani A.H. and Atta-ur-Rahman. (2005)
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100, 43-
49
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[3] Mukherjee P.K. and Wahile A. (2006)
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 103, 25-
35
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[4] Vaidya A.B.D. and Devasagayam T.P.A.
(2007) Journal of Clinical Biochemistry
and Nutrition, 41, 1-11
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[5] Thas J.J. (2008) Clinics in Dermatology, 26,
62-78
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[6] WHO, 2000. WHO Fact Sheet Bronchial
Asthma, World Health Organization, No
206. Geveva
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[7] Viegi G., Maio S., Pistelli F., Baldacci S.
and Carrozzi L. (2006) Respirology, 11,
523-532
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[8] Busse W.W. and Lemanske R.F. (2001)
The New England Journal of Medicine,
344, 1643-1644
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[9] Walsh G.M. (2005) Current Pharmaceutical
Design,11, 3027-38
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[10] Lawrence T.E., Millecchia L.L. and Fedan
J.S. (1998) The Journal of
Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeutics, 284, 222–227.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[11] Pauwels R.A., Buist A.S. and Calverley
P.M. (2001) American Journal of
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,
163, 1256–1276
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[12] Cosio M.G., Hale K.A. and Niewoehner D.E.
(1980) The American Review of
Respiratory Disease, 122, 265-21
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[13] Blease K. and Raymon H.K. (2003) Current
Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 4, 544-
551.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[14] Rennard S., Decramer M., Calverley P.M.,
Pride N.B., Soriano J.B., Vermeire P.A.
and Vestbo J. (2002) The European
Respiratory Journal, 20, 799-805.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[15] Hubbard R. and Tattersfield A. (2004)
Drugs Aging, 21, 631-8
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[16] Hubbard R., Tattersfield A., Smith C., West
J., Smeeth L. and Fletcher A. (2006)
Chest, 130, 1082-8.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[17] Rademaker K.J. and de Vries W.B. (2009)
Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal
Medicine, 14, 171-7
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[18] Gennari L. and Bilezikian J.P. (2009)
Lancet,11, 1225-6
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[19] Wang B.L., Sun W., Shi Z.C., Lou J.N.,
Zhang N.F., Shi S.H., Guo W.S., Cheng
L.M., Ye L.Y., Zhang W.J. and Li Z.R.
(2008) Orthopedics, 31, 444.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[20] Wang J.J., Rochtchina E., Tan A.G.,
Cumming R.G., Leeder S.R. and
Mitchell P. (2009) Ophthalmology,116,
652-7.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[21] Kim S.T., Kim T.K., Lee J.W., Roh H.J.,
Choi S.Y., Jeon Y.S. and Suh K.S.
(2008) Journal of Dermatology, 35, 786-
8.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[22] Pokladnikova J., Meyboom R.H., Vlcek J.
and Edwards R.I. (2009) Cephalalgia,
29, 360-4.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[23] Bhalla R.K., Taylor W., Jones A.S. and
Roland N.J. (2008) Clinical
Otolaryngology, 33, 581-6.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[24] Liu Y., van Goor H., Havinga R., Baller J.F.,
Bloks V.W., van der Leij F.R., Sauer
P.J., Kuipers F., Navis G. and de Borst
M.H. (2008) American Journal of
Physiology- Renal Physiology, 294, 68-
76.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[25] Singh S., Amin A.V. and Loke Y.K. (2009).
Archives of Internal Medicine, 9, 219-29
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[26] Gupta P. and O'Mahony M.S. (2008) Drugs
& Aging, 25, 415-43
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[27] Cazzola M., Matera M.G. and Donner C.F.
(2005) Drugs, 65, 1595-610.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[28] Singh S., Loke Y.K. and Furberg C.D.
(2009) JAMA, 24, 1439-50
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[29] Itoh Y., Tsurumi Y., Kimura T., Takeshita Y.,
Tokita Y., Toya Y. and Umemura S.
(2007) Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi, 49,
446-51
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[30] Spina D. (2008) British Journal of
Pharmacology, 155, 308-15
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[31] Sampath C.K. (1983) Evolution and
development of Siddha medicine.
Subramania S.V. and Madhaven V.R.
(Eds), Heritage of Tamil Siddha
medicine. International Institute of Tamil
Studies, Madras, India, pp.1-20
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[32] Subbarayappa B.V. (1997) Lancent, 350,
1841-1844.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[33] Wujastyk D. (1995) Medicine in India.
Alphen J.V., Alphen J., Aris A., De
Fraeye M., Meyer F. Oriental Medicine:
An illustrated Guide to the Asian arts of
Healing. Serindia Publications, Inc.,
Chikago pp. 31
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[34] Narayanaswamy V. (1983) Ayurveda and
Siddha system of medicine- A
comparative study. Subramanian S.V.
and Madhaven V.R., (Eds), Heritage of
Tamil Siddha medicine. International
Institute of Tamil Studies, Madras, India,
pp. 568-576
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[35] Rao K.K. and Veluchamy G. (1983) Siddha
medicine and its usefulness in Day-
Today Life. Subramanian, S.V.,
Madhaven, V.R. (Eds), Heritage of
Tamil Siddha medicine. International
Institute of Tamil Studies, Madras, India,
pp. 171-184
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[36] Krishnamurthy K.H., Mouli C.G. (1984)
Siddha system of medicine: A historical
appraisal. Indian journal of history of
science 19, 43-53, available at Internet:
http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdatauploa
d/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005abd_43.pdf
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[37] Zysk K.G. (2008). Siddha Medicine in Tamil
Nadu. © Nationalmuseet og Kenneth G.
Zysk, Tranquebar Initiativets Skriftserie,
ISBN: 978-87-7602-102-3 (PDF).
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[38] Rajalakshmi A., Baby Malathi S., Kanimozhi
S. and Nilakkalli N. A Literary Review of
Kayakalpa Plants in Siddha Literature.
III B.S.M.S students, Govt. Siddha
Medical College, Palayamkottai,
Tamilnadu, available from Internet:
http://openmed.nic.in/1470/01/praise_-
_pdf.pdf
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[39] Kannan R. (2000) The Hindu October 8,
www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo0010/0010
0200.htm
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[40] Saroja P.R. and Veluchamy G. (1983)
Simple medicine in Siddha system.
Subramanian S.V. and Madhaven V.R.
(Eds), Heritage of Tamil Siddha
medicine. International Institute of Tamil
Studies, Madras, India, pp.185.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[41] Wilson E., Rajamanickam G.V., Vyas N.,
Agarwal A. and Dubey G.P. (2007)
Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge,
7, pp 678-686
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[42] Deivanayagam C.N., Krishnarajasekhar
O.R. and Ravichandran N. (2001) The
Journal of the Association of Physicians
of India, 49, 390-391.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[43] Kothandaraman R. (1998) International
Conference on AIDS, 12:305.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[44] Veluchamy G. and Ravi Shankar V. (1986)
Siddha System of Medicine - A profile
and focus on research and
development. Central Council for
Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New
Delhi (Government of India), pp. 31 and
43.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[45] Veena K., Shanthi P. and Sachdanandam
P. (2007) Molecular and Cellular
Biochemistry, 294, 127-135
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[46] Sowmyalakshmi S., Nur-E-Alam M. and
Akbarsha M.A. (2005) Planta, 220, 910-
918
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[47] Ranga R.S., Sowmyalakshmi S.,
Burikhanov R., Akbarsha M.A. and
Chendil D. (2005) Molecular and
Cellular Biochemistry, 280, 125-133.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[48] Kar A., Choudhary B.K. and
Bandyopadhyay N.G. (2003) Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 84, 105-108
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[49] Bhavapriya V., Kalpana S., Govindasamy S.
and Apparanantham T. (2001) Indian
Journal of Experimental Biology, 39,
925-928.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[50] Veluchamy G. and Thayagarajan R. (1983)
Practical difficulties in assessing the
merits of Siddha Drugs.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[51] Ramachandran V.S. and Nair N.C. (1981)
Journal of Economic and Taxonomic
Botany, 2, 183–190
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[52] Viswanathan M.B. (1989) Journal of
Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 13,
667–671
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[53] Viswanathan M.B. (1997) Ethnobotany 9,
77–79
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[54] Walter T.M. (2007) Review of Acalypha
indica Linn. in traditional Siddha
medicine, available from Internet:
http://openmed.nic.in/2001/01/Microsoft
_Word_-_Acalypha.pdf
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[55] Shirwaikar A., Rajendran K., Bodla R. and
Kumar C.D. (2004) Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 94, 267-73.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[56] Lamabadusuriya S.P. and Jayantha U.K.
(1994) The Ceylon Medical Journa, 39,
46-7.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[57] Shanmugavelu M. (2004) Noikaluku Siddha
parikaram. Part-I. Indian medicine-
Homeopathy department. Government
of India
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[58] The Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India, (2008)
Part-I, Government of India, Ministry of
health and welfare, Department of
Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy,
Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy
(AYUSH).
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[59] Walter T.M. (2005) Catalogue of Siddha
medicinal plants, available from Internet:
http://openmed.nic.in/2055/01/Siddha_h
erbs.pdf
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[60] Muthu C., Ayyanar M., Raja N. and
Ignacimuthu S. (2006) Journal of
Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2, 43.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[61] Amin A.H. and Mehta D.R. (1959) Nature,
184 (Suppl 17), 1317.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[62] Khare C.P. (2007) Indian medicinal plants:
an illustrated dictionary. Published by
springer, ISBN: 978-0-387-70637-5
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[63] Chakraborty A. and Brantner A.H. (2001)
Phytotherapy Research, 15, 532-4
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[64] Shrivastava N., Srivastava A., Banerjee A.
and Nivsarkar M. (2006) Journal of
Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 6, 43-9.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[65] Bhattacharyya D., Pandit S., Jana U., Sen
S., Sur T.K. (2005) Fitoterapia, 76, 223-
5.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[66] Dhuley JN. (1999) Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 67, 361-5.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[67] Ko F.N., Huang T.F., Teng C.M. (1991)
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1115,
69-74.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[68] Mencherini T., Cau A., Bianco G., Della
Loggia R., Aquino R.P. and Autore G.
(2007) The Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology, 59, 891-897
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[69] Singh A. and Handa S.S. (1995) Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 49, 119-26
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[70] Hamza A.A., Amin A. (2007) Journal of
Experimental Zoology. Part A,
Ecological Genetics and Physiology,
307, 199-206
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[71] Lüttkopf D., Ballmer-Weber B.K., Wüthrich
B. and Vieths S. (2000) The Journal of
Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 106,
390-9
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[72] Ermertcan A.T., Oztürkcan S., Sahin M.T.,
Bilaç C. and Bilaç D.B. (2007) Contact
Dermatitis, 57, 122- 3
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[73] Pandey R., Maurya R., Singh G.,
Sathiamoorthy B. and Naik S. (2005)
International Immunopharmacology, 5,
541-53.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[74] Borrelli F., Ascione V., Capasso R., Izzo
A.A., Fattorusso E. and Taglialatela-
Scafati O. (2006) Journal of Natural
Products, 69, 903-906
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[75] Nair R., Kalariya T. and Chanda S. (2007)
Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 7,
191-201.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[76] Abo K.A. and Ashidi J.S. (1999) African
Journal of Medicine and Medical
Sciences, 28, 167-9
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[77] Pari L. and Amarnath Satheesh M. (2004)
Journal of Medicinal Food, 7, 472-6
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[78] Agrawal A., Srivastava S. and Srivastava
M.M. (2003) Hindustan Antibiotics
Bulletin, 45-46, 1-4
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[79] Bharali R. Azad M.R. and Tabassum J.
(2003) Indian Journal of Physiology and
Pharmacology, 47, 459-64.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[80] Devi S., Arseculeratne S.N., Pathmanathan
R., McKenzie I.F. and Pang T. (1985)
The Australian Journal of Experimental
Biology and Medical Science, 63, 371-
379
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[81] Arseculartne S.N. (1991) The Ceylon
Medical Journal, 36, 137-40.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[82] Sumudunie K.A., Jansz, E.R., Jayasekera
S. and Wickramasinghe S.M. (2004)
International Journal of Food Sciences
and Nutrition, 55, 607-14.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[83] Simin K., Khaliq-Uz-Zaman S.M. and
Ahmad V.U. (2001) Phytotherapy
Research, 15, 437-40
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[84] Saravanan K.S., Periyanayagam K. and
Ismail M. (2007) The Journal of
Communicable Diseases, 39, 153-7.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[85] Dieye A.M., Tidjani M.A., Diouf A., Bassene
E. and Faye B. (1993) Dakar medical,
38, 69-72
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[86] Al-Mezaine H.S., Al-Amry M.A., Al-Assiri A.,
Fadel T.S., Tabbara K.F. and Al-Rajhi
A.A. (2008) Cornea, 27, 504-6
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[87] Kumar V.L. and Sehgal R. (2007)
Autonomic & Autacoid Pharmacology,
27, 143-9
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[88] Hosseinzadeh H. and Ghenaati J. (2006)
Fitoterapia, 77, 446-448
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[89] Singh G.D., Kaiser P., Youssouf M.S.,
Singh S., Khajuria A., Koul A., Bani S.,
Kapahi B.K., Satti N.K., Suri K.A. and
Johri R.K. (2006). Phytotherapy
Research, 20, 316-21
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[90] Youssouf M.S., Kaiser P., Tahir M., Singh
G.D., Singh S., Sharma V.K., Satti N.K.,
Haque S.E. and Johri R.K. (2007)
Fitoterapia, 78, 535-9
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[91] Lanhers M.C., Fleurentin J., Dorfman P.,
Mortier F. and Pelt J.M. (1991) Planta
medica, 57, 225-231
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[92] Prakash P. and Gupta N. (2005) Indian
Journal of Physiology and
Pharmacology, 49,125-131
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[93] Gupta S.K., Prakash J. and Srivastava S.
(2002) Indian Journal of Experimental
Biology, 40, 765-773
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[94] Sharma M.K., Kumar M. and Kumar A.
(2002) Indian Journal of Experimental
Biology, 40, 1079-82
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[95] Babu K. and Uma Maheswari K.C. (2006)
Journal of Environmental Biology /
Academy of Environmental Biology,
India, 27, 93-5
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[96] Sharmila Banu G., Kumar G. and
Murugesan A.G. (2009) Food and
Chemical Toxicology, 47, 490-5
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[97] Hirata N., Naruto S., Inaba K., Itoh K.,
Tokunaga M., Iinuma M. and Matsuda
H. (2008) Biological & Pharmaceutical
Bulletin, 31, 1973-6
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[98] Pradeep C.R. and Kuttan G. (2003)
Immunopharmacology and
Immunotoxicology, 25, 337-46.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[99] Naseri M.K. and Yahyavi H. (2008) Pakistan
Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS.
11, 1492-6
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[100] Agbor G.A., Vinson J.A., Oben J.E. and
Ngogang J.Y. (2007) Journal of Herbal
Pharmacotherapy, 7, 49-64
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[101] Reddy S.V., Srinivas P.V., Praveen B.,
Kishore K.H., Raju B.C., Murthy U.S.
and Rao, J.M. (2004) Phytomedicine:
International Journal of Phytotherapy
and Phytopharmacology, 11, 697-700
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[102] Heo K.S., Lee S.J. Ko J.H., Lim K. and Lim
K.T. (2004) Toxicology in vitro: An
International Journal Published in
Association with BIBRA, 18, 755-63
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[103] Zakaria Z.A., Gopalan H.K., Zainal H.,
Mohd Pojan N.H., Morsid N.A., Aris A.
and Sulaiman M.R. (2006) Yakugaku
zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical
Society of Japan, 126, 1171-1178
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[104] Li J., Li Q.W., Gao D.W. Han Z.S. and Li K.
(2008) Pharmazie, 63, 534-8
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[105] Jainu M. and Devi C.S. (2006) Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 104, 156-63
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[106] Heo K.S. and Lim K.T. (2004) Journal of
Medicinal Food, 7, 349-57
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[107] Prashanth Kumar V., Shashidhara S.,
Kumar M.M. and Sridhara B.Y. (2001)
Fitoterapia, 72, 481-6
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[108] Emmanuel S., Ignacimuthu S.,
Perumalsamy R. and Amalra, T. (2006)
Fitoterapia, 77, 611-612.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[109] Govindan S., Viswanathan S.,
Vijayasekaran V. and Alagappan R.
(1999) Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
66, 205-210
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[110] Shahjahan M., Vani G. and Shyamaladevi,
C.S. (2005) Chemico-biological
Interactions, 156, 113-23
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[111] Shahjahan M., Sabitha K.E., Jainu M. and
Shyamala Devi C.S. (2004) The Indian
Journal of Medical Research, 120, 194-
8.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[112] Bector N.P. and Puri A.S. (1971) The
Journal of the Association of Physicians
of India, 19, 741-744
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[113] Govindan S., Viswanathan S.,
Vijayasekaran V. and Alagappan R.
(2004) Phytotherapy Research, 18, 805-
9
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[114] Mazzio E.A. and Soliman K.F. (2009)
Phytotherapy research, 23, 385-98
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[115] Singh O.M., Subharani K., Singh N.I., Devi,
N.B. and Nevidita, L. (2007)
Phytotherapy Research, 21, 585-90
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[116] Kar D.M., Maharana L., Pattnaik S. and
Dash G.K. (2006) Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 108, 251-6
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[117] Mohan L., Sharma P. and Srivastava C.N.
(2005) Journal of Environmental Biology
/ Academy of Environmental Biology,
India. 26, 399-401.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[118] Umamaheswari S. and Mainzen Prince P.S.
(2007) Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica,
64, 53-61.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[119] Sanmugapriya E. and Venkataraman S.
(2007) Phytomedicine: International
Journal of Phytotherapy and
Phytopharmacology, 14, 360-5
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[120] Sanmugapriya E. and Venkataraman S.
(2006) Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
105, 154-60.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[121] Biswas S., Murugesan T., Sinha S., Maiti
K., Gayen J.R., Pal M. and Saha B.P.
(2002) Fitoterapia, 73, 43-7
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[122] Biswas S., Murugesan T., Maiti K., Ghosh
L., Pal M. and Saha B.P. (2001)
Phytomedicine: International Journal of
Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology,
8, 469-71
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[123] Gilani A.H. and Arif-ullah-Khan. (2008)
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 116,
528-538.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[124] Dhingra D. and Valecha R. (2007) Indian
Journal of Experimental Biology, 45,
610-6.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[125] Shivpuri D.N., Menon M.P. and Parkash D.
(1968) The Journal of Association of
Physicians of India,16, 9-15.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[126] Thiruvengadam K.V., Haranath K.,
Sudarsan S., Sekar T.S., Rajagopal
K.R., Zacharian M.G. and Devarajan
T.V. (1978) Journal of the Indian
Medical Association, 71, 172-176
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[127] Gupta S., George P., Gupta V., Tandon
V.R. and Sundaram K.R., (1979) The
Indian Journal of Medical Research, 69,
981-989
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[128] Geetha V.S., Viswanathan S. and
Kameswaran L. (1981) Indian Journal of
Pharmacology, 13, 199-201
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[129] Ganguly T., Badheka L.P., Sainis K.B.
(2001) Phytomedicine, 8, 431-437
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[130] Dikshith T.S., Raizada R.B., el-Mofty M.M.,
Soliman A.A., Abdel-Gawad and
Mulchandani N.B. (1990) Indian Journal
of Experimental Biology, 28, 208-12.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[131] Barnes P.J. (2006) Br J Pharmacol, Jan;147
Suppl 1:S297-303
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[132] Wang Y.C. and Yang Y.S. (2007) Journal of
Chromatography B, Analytical
Technologies in the Biomedical and Life
Sciences, 850, 392-399
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[133] Ohtake N., Nakai Y. and Yamamoto M.
(2004) Journal of Chromatography. B,
Analytical Technologies in the
Biomedical and Life Sciences, 812, 135-
148
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[134] Zhang Y., Yu Z.Y. and Wu X.Q. (2004)
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 29, 104-
108.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[135] Belliardo F., Bicchi C., Cordero C., Liberto
E., Rubiolo P. and Sgorbini B. (2006)
Journal of Chromatographic Science,
44, 416-429
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[136] Ram A., Das M., Ghosh B. (2003) Biological
and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26, 1021-
1024.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[137] Suzuki M., Betsuyaku T., Ito Y., Nagai K.,
Odajima N., Moriyama C., Nasuhara Y.
and Nishimura M. (2009) American
Journal of Physiology- Lung Cellular and
Molecular Physiology, 296, L614-23
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[138] Das M., Ram A. and Ghosh B. (2003)
Inflammation Research, 52, 101-106
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[139] Oh S.R., Lee M.Y. and Ahn K. (2006)
International Immunopharmacology, 6,
978-986.
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[140] Jan T.R., Farraj A.K., Harkema J.R. and
Kaminski N.E. (2003) Toxicology and
Applied Pharmacology, 188, 24-35
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[141] Ram A., Mabalirajan U. and Das M. (2006)
International Immunopharmacology, 6,
1468-1477
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus
[142] Ram A., Singh S.K., Singh V.P., Kumar S.
and Ghosh, B. (2009) International
Archives of Allergy and Immunology,
149, 38-46
» CrossRef » Google Scholar » PubMed » DOAJ » CAS » Scopus