TRAINING AND PHYSICAL FITNESS

SUBRAMANYA N.S.¹, PASODI M.S.^2
1Physical Education Director, Onkarmal Somani College of Education Kuvempu Nagar, Mysore
²Chairman, Department of Physical Education, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, Karnataka

Received : 10-05-2011     Accepted : 15-06-2011     Published : 20-06-2011
Volume : 2     Issue : 2       Pages : 43 - 47
J Arts Cult 2.2 (2011):43-47
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.9735/0976-9862.2.2.43-47

Conflict of Interest : None declared

The present study makes an attempt to assess the influence of training on Physical fitness development. It is well understood that several factors are highly inter-related to training and Physical fitness. This application is a significant contribution to the field of physical education and sports in relation to develop Physical fitness of sports persons. For this purpose the sample of 100 cricket players of age group between 18-25 years are selected on random basis from Gulbarga University. To find the impact of training on the development of Physical fitness, the pre and post test (AAHPER fitness tests) had been conducted. And the results been analyzed and presented through tables in discussion part. So the hypothesized statement i.e., there would be significant impact of training on physical fitness development of cricket players is accepted.

Physical fitness, Training

“A sound mind in a sound body” is a good dictum that has stood the best test of time. There have been a number of studies tending to shows that mind and body are inseparable. Ancient thinkers of Greek, Aristotle, combined moral intellectual and physical excellence. At Athens an uneducated body was as much a disgrace as an untrained mind.
Physical fitness is one of the facts of a person’s all round harmonious development. Physical fitness is the cultural phenomenon of great complexity and magnitude, which is historically, preconditioned level of health and comprehensive development of a person. Physical fitness adds grace to the young, wealth to the poor, and ornament to rich and acts as a consoling factor to the old. The place of physical fitness in any society reflects something of that society’s characteristics. Today almost every country in the world gives importance to development of sports in order to improve the nation's health and for the well being of the future generation. Physical fitness is the ability to carry our daily tasks with vigor and alertness without undue fatigue and with ample energy to engage in leisure time pursuits and to meet the above average physical strength, stress, muscular endurance and circulatory endurance, muscular power, agility, speed and flexibility and added to compose motor fitness. Then kinetic, arm-eye co-ordination is needed for general motor ability.

Speed: Speed is the quickness with which one is to move his body from one point to another.
Endurance: Endurance is the result of physiological capacity of the individual to sustain movement over a period of time.
Strength: Strength is the ability to overcome resistance or to act against resistance.
Agility: Agility is often presented by the terms maneuverability “mobility” etc; it is the ability to Change the direction of the body and its parts rapidly.
Flexibility: It is the ability of subject to move body joints to a maximum range of motion without strain or stress on muscles, tendons, ligaments and other joint structures.
Physical Fitness: It is ability to carryout tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure time pursuits and to meet unforeseen energies.
Training:
The word "Training' has been a part of human language since ancient times. It denotes the process of preparation for some task. This process invariably extends to a number of days and even months and years, the term "Training'' is widely used in sports there is, however, some disagreement among sports coaches and also among sports scents regarding the exact meaning of this word. Some experts, especially belonging to sports medicine, understand sports training as basically doing physical exercises. Several terms used in training e.g., strength training, interval training, technical and tactical training reflect this line of thinking.

1. The result of study will help physical education teacher, coaches and trainers to use the fitness activities to develop their students.
2. The result of the study will help to assess the ability of the fitness of the students.
3. The results of the study will helps coaches of physical education teachers to plan training system and coaching schedule for the students.

• No effort was made either to control or assess the life-style, psychological stresses, and other factors, which are recognized as limitations of this study.
• This study is purely limited to the cricket players selected from the Gulbarga University Degree colleges.
• The sample of the study is relatively small.

The study was delimited to physical fitness components only for speed, agility, power, endurance and flexibility.

To study the effect of four week physical fitness training on the cricket players of Gulbarga University.

The objectives of the present study are as under.
• To study the effect of four week physical fitness training on the cricket players.
• To analyze the influence of four week physical fitness training on the performance of cricket players.

There may be a significant effect of four week physical fitness training on cricket players.
There would be significant influence of four week physical fitness training on the performance of cricket players.

The sample consists of 100 cricket players selected from the degree Colleges of Gulbarga University. The selected sample’s physical fitness was measured in five physical tests speed, endurance, flexibility, agility and strength. Further, the sample was underwent physical fitness training for four weeks continuously during morning and evening hours, and at every weekend there is a rest day. After the training, physical fitness was again measured in terms of performance of the players in all the five physical fitness tests used in pre-training condition. Thus the performance of the sample’s before and after training conditions was taken to assess the effect of training on physical fitness. The data of both pre and post training conditions were analyzed statistically.

The following physical fitness tests have been used to measure the performance in the pre-test and post test of the Cricket Players in the present study.

An area on a track, foot ball field, or play ground with a starting line, a 50 – mtrs. dash, and a finish line, two stopwatches or a split-second timer.

After a short warm-up period the student takes position behind the starting line. Best results are obtained when 2 students run the same time for competition. The starter uses the command, “are you ready” and “Go”. The latter is accompanied by a downward sweep of the arm as a signal to the times. The students run across the finish line.

You may take any position behind the starting line you wish on the command, “Go” you rare to run as fast as you can across the finish line. Do not slow up until up are across the finish line. Then you may slow down gradually.

The score is the elapsed time to the nearest tenth of seconds between the starting signal and the instant the student crosses the finish line.

One starter and 2 timers are needed to administer this test. If the split-second timer is available, only 1 timer is needed the timer can record scores, but testing is facilitated if he is assisted a recorder.
Endurance (Cooper’s 12 minutes, continuous run and walk test)

It is suggested that specific course be measured is distant. So that the number of laps completed can be counted and multiplied by the course distance. It is also helpful to divide the course into quarters or eights by placing markers. This enables the tester to quickly determine the exact distance covered in 12 minutes. A stop watch whistle and distance markers and needed for group testing.

It is usually most efficient to assign each runner to a spotter. The runner starts behind a line and upon the starting signal run or walk as many laps as possible, around the course within the 12 minutes. The spotters maintain a count of each lap, and when the signal to stop is given. They immediately run to the starts at which their runners were at the instant the whistle or command to stop was given.

The score in yard determined by multiplying the number of complete laps distance of each laps (e.g. 440 yards) plus the number of segments (quarters, eights to yard intervals etc.) of an incomplete lap plus the number of yards stopped off between a particular sigment.

The 12 minutes as is given on 440 yards track sectioned oil into eights. A student completes 5 laps 5 one eights sigment plus 11 yard.
The Student score is = 5 x 440 = 2200
Plus (+) 3 x 55 (each one eight sigment is 55 yards) = 165.
Plus (+11 yards)
e.g.: 2,200 + 165 + 11 – 2, 376 yards overall in 12 minutes.

To measure power.

Tape to measure and a mat. Space on the floor or an outdoor jumping pit.

The student stands behind a take off line with his feet several inches apart. Before jumping, the student dips at the knees and swings the arms backward. He then jumps forward by simultaneously extending the knees and swinging the arms forward. Three trials are permitted. Measurement is from the close heel mark to the take off line.

You must take off from both feet simultaneously, jump as for forward as possible, and land on both feet. Try not to fall backward after the landing. You can jump there by crouching before the jump and swinging you arms.

The score is the distance between the take off line and the nearest point where any part of the student’s body touches the floor. It is measured in feet and inches to the nearest inch. Only the best trail is recorded.
Agility (10 x 4 yards meters shuttle run)

Two blocks of wood (2’ x’ 2’ x 4) a stopwatch and marking powder. The subject should near spikes or run bare foot.

Two parallel lines are marketed on the floor 10 yards apart or the width of the regular volleyball courts may be used for the test. The two wooden blocks are placed behind on of the lines. The subject is asked to start from behind the other line, on the signal ready? Go the timer starts the watch and the subject runs towards the blocks, picks-up one block runs back to the starting line, places the block behind the second block to be carried back across the starting line. As soon as the second block is placed on the ground the timer stops the watch and records the time.

Two trails are allowed to each subject with some rest in between. The time of the better of the two trails is recorded to the nearest 10^th of a second as the score of the rest time.

to measure the trunk and hip flexibility.

A 20 inch scale, a bench.

Scott and French attached a 20” scale marked in; 1and ½ units perpendicular to one edge of a stable bench with the zero ends up and the tin mark at bench level. For the test the subject stands on the bench with the toes to the edge along side the scale bends at the hips and extends fingers in front of the scale, keeping the knees straight, the subject slowly reaches down as low as possible with the finger tip; the preferably two or three process trial should be give. Taking the test score as the last of a series, of quick bobs may be done but is not recommended.

The score is lowest line touched on the stretch.

To meet the objective of the study and to verify the formulated hypotheses the data were statistically analyzed. The ‘t’ test was calculated and data were organized.’

The major aim of the present study is to assess the effect of physical fitness training on the performance of Cricket Players. The study attempts to examine the differences in physical fitness in terms of motor abilities between the pre-training and post training performance of students. The data were organized, statistically analyzed and presented in the tables.

Test retest method of establishing reliability was employed to determine the reliability of the performance of the subjects on various tests. For the purpose the performance of the subjects in speed, agility, strength, endurance and flexibility were recorded twice on two different conditions with a gap of four weeks. The level of significance of two tailed test thus obtained is significant beyond 0.05(2.246).
[Table-1] gives the mean scores of speed tests in two conditions. It can be observed that the mean scores in pre training were 8.91 while the mean score in post-training is 6.79. This shows that the cricket players have taken more time to complete the given task in pre training while less time was taken in post training condition. The t-value of 23.65 is significant at 0.01 level which states that there is a significant difference in the speed between the two conditions. The four weeks training has facilitated the higher performance of the cricket players. This clearly indicates that the physical fitness of cricket players is improved after training.
[Table-2] presents the mean scores of endurance test of the cricket players in two conditions. The mean scores of post-training condition (1831) were significantly higher than the pre-training (1607.16). The t-value (12.76) is significant. It clearly shows the significant differences between the two conditions in the physical fitness component.
The results given in table-3 indicate that cricket players have taken significantly less time in the post training (8.06) condition than the pre-training (9.87). The t-value (15.46) also reveals the same. Therefore the training is found to be a promoting factor in the development of physical fitness components.
[Table-4] gives the score of flexibility of the sample in two tests. It is seen that the mean score of post training is 4.80 and mean score of pre-training is 3.76.This shows that the flexibility is found to be more in trained sample. It is all because of the training given. The t-value of 9.19 which is significant also reveals the same.
[Table-5] presents the results of strength test of the cricket players in pre and post training conditions. It is seen that mean score of post training (1.91) is higher than the pre training (1.41). The t-value is 8.92 which is significant at 0.01 level. Thus the results clearly speaks the influence of the physical fitness training on the performance of the students.

There is a significant difference in physical fitness test of speed between pre and post training. After the training cricket players shows significantly higher performance in speed test as comparing to before training. There is a significant effect of training on the development of endurance component of cricket players. The significant difference was found in agility test between pre and post training; the agility performance was increased after the training. There is a significant influence of training on the physical fitness components of flexibility of cricket players. The flexibility strength been developed after the training. The significant difference was found in physical fitness test of strength between two conditions. And the strength performance increased after the four week training. Hence there is a significant effect of four week training on the performance of cricket players.

The findings of the present study can be utilized by the HRD (Human Resource Development) experts and Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs, and Sport Councils while formulating the policies and implementing the same at levels. Attitudes, perceptions and interpersonal relations of the players should be studied in the future investigation. Endeavours need to be undertaken in the direction of studying comprehensively, the psychosocial correlates of high achievers at the national and international level. Cross sectional studies need to be conducted at the inter-university, regional and national levels.

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	Table 1- Mean, SD and t-values of Speed test among Cricket Players in two Training Conditions **Significant at 0.01 level
	Table 2- Mean, SD and t-values of Endurance test among Cricket Players in two Training Conditions **Significant at 0.01 level
	Table 3- Mean, SD and t-values of Agility test among Cricket Players in two Training Conditions **Significant at 0.01 level
	Table 4- Mean, SD and t-values of Flexibility test among Cricket Players in two Training Conditions **Significant at 0.01 level
	Table 5- Mean, SD and t-values of Strength test among Cricket Players in two Training Conditions **Significant at 0.01 level
	Fig. 6- Physical fitness tests (AAHPER) Method applied to obtain the data for Physical Fitness Components Speed (50 mtrs. dash - AAHPER Youth fitness test) Purpose: To Measure speed.