Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple procedure that, when done in the lab under a trained cytologist, the correct diagnosis can be given with ease. Aims & Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in breast cancer diagnosis, the percentage of false negative cytology in our patients, and to confirm the importance of FNAC as part of the triple testing. Method: The 162 breast cancer patients were reviewed from 2000-2012 in different hospitals in Bahrain. The FNAC results were divided into five groups, according to the report, from C1 to C5. The C1 result was an inadequate sample. C2 & C3 results were benign and likely benign samples. C4&C5 were the malignant results. All of these patients had triple testing (physical examination, radiological imaging and fine needle aspiration cytology) as part of their diagnostic assessment. FNAC results were compared to the provisional clinical assessment and mammography beside histopathology. Results: 10/162 patients (6.17%) with C2 and C3 results were considered false negative FNAC. These breast cancer patients were diagnosed by the other components of the triple test.148/162 patients were C4 and C5 results. This meant that the accuracy rate in diagnosing breast cancer with FNAC was 91.358% and the false negative rate was 6.17%. All these false negatives were correctly diagnosed in adding two other modalities of triple testing i,e, clinical assessment and radiological imaging (mammography). Conclusion: In spite of effectiveness, simplicity and validity of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of breast cancers, it is still needs the expertise of cytologists, availability of on-site reporting facilities and instant staining techniques to approach the correct diagnosis of breast cancer. The evaluation of breast lumps with the use of triple assessment test to improve the diagnostic yield of FNAC reporting for breast carcinoma by reducing the false negative results.

Aims and Objective: This research was carried out to determine the association between various psycho-social factors and incidence of functional dyspepsia. Subject and Methods: A case-control study with area, age and sex matched 100 persons recruited randomly. Subjects of both gender aged 15-75 years were selected from urban population living in Lahore (Pakistan) after taking informed consent. Results: Out of total population, 68% subjects were male and 32% were female. Functional dyspepsia was found more in males (46%) in age group (19-23) and less in females of same age group (19-23). In Bivariate analysis, functional dyspepsia was found significantly associated with homelessness (OR: 2.585, 95% CI: 0.45-14.81), spices (OR 2.86, 95% CI: 1.252-6.5), continuous medication (OR: 3.18, 95% CI: 0.91-11.15), difficulty in sleep onset (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 0.93-4.87), sleep interruption (OR: 2.801, 95%CI: 1.20-6.50). However, in multivariate analysis while controlling other risk factors, less income (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 0.52-12.04), recent financial loss (OR: 4.6, 95%CI: 0.55-38.56), not able to meet expenditures easily (OR:4.92, 95% CI: 0.49-48.56), family conflict (OR: 4.22, 95%CI: 0.65-27.31), homelessness (OR: 25, 95% CI:1.18-52), spices (OR:4.39,95% CI:1.29-14.93), meat intake (OR: 6.43, 95% CI: 0.09-2.03) were significantly associated with functional dyspepsia. Conclusion: Functional dyspepsia was found significantly associated with low income, recent financial loss, not meeting expenditures easily, conflict in family, homelessness, spices, and meat and chicken intake.