Background: The number of melanoma cases worldwide is increasing. In Egypt, skin cancer is uncommon malignancy. It represents 5 % of the malignant tumors, 8% of these were melanomas. The histogenesis of melanoma is still in dispute. Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV) are said to be responsible for the development of skin cancer and may play a role in the development of melanoma. This study is a trial to investigate melanoma clinically, histochemichally and immunohistochemically, to clarify its pathogenesis, and l to investigate the possible role of viruses in its etiology. Methods: 40 cases of Melanoma were retrieved from Oral pathology & Maxillofacial departments, faculty of dentistry,. University of Alexandria and the Central Research Institute of Stomatology. Moscow. From 40 cases, 15 were oral and 25 were from head and neck region. All cases were AJCC stage III and IV. Special stains were used including Masson-Fontana and Machiavelli's, techniques. Immunohistochemical techniques were applied using Melanoma (gp 100) Ab-1 (clone HMB 45)(cat.#AP-9003)and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)Ab-3(Clone-K1H8) (cat.#AP-9003). Results: An interesting finding was the presence of clear cells derived from melanoblasts not forming melanin, with little mitotic change that can pose clinical challenges in early diagnosis. Calcified bodies either intra or extra cellular, organized or non organized were detected, could be considered as one of the criteria of malignancy. Conclusion: Viral inclusion bodies were observed and were confirmed using HPV antibody in five of the cases which might indicate a possible viral etiology.

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is considered as one of the most common and perplexing problems both to the patient and the gynecologist. Until the pathology underlying menorrhagia is accurately diagnosed, proper therapy is hardly possible. Objective: The objectives of the study were to determine the types and frequencies of pathologies in endometrial curettings of abnormal uterine bleeding & compare different endometrial pathologies in patient to age groups. Material and Methods: a retrospective study in which H&E sections of endometrial curretings of 152 patients were evaluated. Diagnosis was made by correlating the morphological findings with the clinical history. Results: Out of 152 cases of AUB, 61.8% were due to organic causes, while 33.5% were dysfunctional in nature and seven (4.6%) specimens were insufficient for diagnosis. Of the organic causes of AUB, [Table-3], low grade endometrial hyperplasia was the most frequent cause (41.5%) then pregnancy-related bleeding (31.9%). The most common histologic pattern in DUB was proliferative phase endometrium 45.1%, followed by secretory pattern 21.6%. Conclusion: Our study on endometrial curettings in abnormal uterine bleeding revealed clustering of cases around Perimenopause.

In this study, epidemiological investigation of the three outbreaks of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats and sheep flocks with high morbidity and considerable mortality were recorded at Tumkur District, Karnataka, India during 2012-2013. Clinical samples were collected from the affected flocks/villages for laboratory investigation along with epidemiological parameters. The PPR virus (PPRV) antigen and nucleic acid was detected in the infected tissues/swab materials by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction techniques (RT-PCR) and PPRV-specific antibodies were detected by competitive ELISA and indirect ELISA in serum samples. The PPR virus was isolated successfully in Vero cells after initial adaptation, and its identity was confirmed by RT-PCR assays. The significant epidemiological parameters observed were: young animals aged between 6 month to one year were severely affected than adult animals, which showed only few symptoms pertaining to PPR; changing pattern of disease in term of severity of gross lesions was observed in affected animals; source of infection was the introduction or purchase of animals from other source; etc. Given the importance of PPR and high productivity losses in small ruminants, outbreaks of the disease need to be carefully monitored, in spite of vaccination of the sheep and goats is undergoing under the National control programme on PPR.

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Tat induces the replication of HIV by alleviating the transcription of viral genes. Tat is re-leased from HIV infected cells and it modifies the functions of uninfected cells. HIV infected cells enter the brain through BBB. In the brain, Tat induces neuronal damage and leads to neuroAIDS. Oxidative stress is believed to play an important role for causing HIV-dementia. NeuroA-IDS is more common in aged HIV positive adults and drug abusers.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents the sixth most common malignant tumor in the world. The aim of this study was to detect the proliferative activity in primary oral squamous cell carcinoma by AgNOR staining. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 50 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department and processed for hematoxylin and eosin and AgNOR stain in the department of Pathology, King Edward Medical University. Results: Mean AgNOR (mAgNOR) count was topped up from well differentiated (3.66 ±0.58) to poorly differentiated (7.04 ± 0.65). A gradual rise of proliferative AgNOR (pAgNOR) counts was seen in different grades of OSCC, 77.45 ±4.38 in well differentiated 83.50 ±1.76 in moderately differentiated and 85.00 ±5.00 in poorly differentiated. The mAgNOR, pAgNOR, AgNOR size and distribution were significant in different grades of tumors (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions staining was helpful to compare the proliferative activity in different grades of primary oral squamous cell carcinoma.