The rapid urbanization has resulted in putting excess pressure on infrastructure facilities resulting in low level of services provided by local authorities. The sewage flowing through nallahs joins rivers in untreated condition and creates heavy risk of river pollution. The city sewage treatment plants also do not produce treated sewage of expected quality standards and is similar to nallahs waste water. This study investigated the effectiveness and techno economical feasibility for RZTS (Root zone treatment system) along with it’s modification. Other objective of the study was to work out with BOD, COD and TSS removal efficiency of modified RZTS and trickling bed model. The suggested modification in RZTS overcomes the limitations of huge area requirement for application of conventional RZTS (Constructed Wetland) and as such the modified constructed wetland (modified RZTS) can be effectively used within the nallah area to treat incoming waste water in nallah with techno economical feasible option.

Mosul dam reservoir is the biggest reservoir on the River Tigris with 11.11 billion m3 storage capacity located at the northern part of Iraq. The dam is used for irrigation, hydropower generationand flood control. Siltation of the reservoir and sediment delivery from the valleys to the reservoir was not measured since the operation of the dam in 1988. Sediment accumulation in its reservoir can effect the dam operation (pumping station, hydropower plantsand bottom outlets) and it will definitely shorten the life span of the dam. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) under Geographical Information System (GIS) was applied to simulate the yearly surface runoff and sediment load for the main three valleys on the right bank of Mosul Dam Reservoir for the period 1988-2008. The resultant values of the average annual sediment load are 42.7*103, ton. This implies that significant sediment load enters the reservoir from these valleys. Sediment accumulation can effect the dam operation (pumping station, hydropower plantsand bottom outlets) and it will definitely shorten the life span of the dam. To minimize sediment effect, check dams are to be constructed specially on the first valley.

This contribution intends to draw an integrated baseline to use multi-agent simulation in agro-environmental systems. There are some specific and discursive implications that they oblige agricultural researchers to use simulation technique as more accurate and confident procedure rather previous conventional analytical ones. Multi-agent simulation enables researchers to simulate interactions between objects and their environment in terms of micro-level behavior and macro-level patterns. As environmental crisis emanates from local activities of farming systems on environment, in order to apply agent-based simulation in agro-environmental systems, an integrated baseline is presented. This baseline pays attention to three important issues 1) different agro-environmental hierarchical levels 2) different domains (e.g. social, economic, ecological and so on) and 3) different times. This contribution can be an appropriate basis for agricultural researchers who are interested in investigating the interactions of farmers and their environments in agro-environmental systems.