It can be said without exaggeration that Pandharpur is a town of monasteries and temples. A majority of these religious centres belong to the Bhaagawat sect. The temple dedicated to Lord Vitthal is at the heart of the town and it is surrounded by a number of monasteries, boarding places, sectarian houses and asylums. These are the places mainly utilized for conducting various activities aimed at the propagation of the Bhaagawat sect. According to one of the inscriptions found around the temple of Lord Vitthal in Pandharpur, there is a word used ‘laanmadu’, meaning a monastery or temple. This structure was renovated in the 10th century AD. Maharashtra was then under the reign of Ramdevrai Yadav. The word monastery is also found in the literature of the Mahaanubhav sect. It means the concept of the monastery existed well before the times of Saint Dnyandev and Namdev. However, it is a fact that these monasteries underwent development after the 17th century.

The national movement for freedom was fought all over the country through urban as well as rural areas. For India’s freedom, the Nationalist Movement was fought throughout the length and breadth of the nation. In this great movement, Solapur city also has a big share. This city has created a unique place in the Nationalist Movement through important incidents, events and deeds. Many people from Solapur were participated in this movement. Obviously, there was a lion’s share of the mill workers because the mill workers were in the forefront of the movement.

Recent research on Facial Expressions (by Matsumoto, Wallbott and Scherer in 1989) has revealed that facial expressions are both culture specific and universal. However, this paper aims at explaining the difference in how men and women interpret and relate to the seven universal facial expressions of anger, sadness, happiness, fear, disgust, contempt and surprise. To understand whether both the sexes read emotions the same way, a survey was conducted amongst 200 boys and 200 girls (in the age group of 18-21) at the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani in India. The respondents were asked to write down an emotion (from a list of emotions) that they thought corresponded most to the facial expression that was shown. The analysis performed on the data obtained and the results arrived at in this paper provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that there is a correlation between particular facial muscular patterns and the way these are interpreted by both the sexes.