The present study was undertaken to investigate hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the stem bark of Bridelia retusa in carbon tertrachloride treated female mice. The protective activity of the extracts was justified by the significant decrease in the weights of adrenal glands when compared to CCL4 treated group and the weights of ovary was increased to that of the normal control group. The enzyme activity of ALAT (Alanine transaminase) and LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase) in the liver while that of ALAT, ASAT (Aspartate transaminase), LDH and AKP (Alkaline phosphotase) in the kidney were significantly lowered (p<0.05) in all the groups treated with extracts when compared to CCL4 treated group and were found to be brought almost to normal control. When compared to mice treated with CCL4, group IV and V showed significantly (p<0.05) lowered ASAT activity while group III and V showed significantly (p<0.05) lowered AKP enzyme activity in the liver and the values were normalized to that of group I. The enzyme activity of ACP in the liver and kidney was significantly increased (p<0.05) in all the groups treated with extracts when compared to CCL4 treated group and were found to be brought almost to normal control. The ATPase enzyme activity of liver and kidney was significantly (p<0.05) increased with respect to that of CCL4 treated group. The concentration of protein, carbohydrate, DNA, RNA and cholesterol in the liver and kidney were estimated to be significantly (p<0.05) increased when compared to that of CCL4 treated group except that of cholesterol in kidney and the values were almost equivalent to that of normal group. In general, both the extracts possessed protective activity though ethanolic extract was found to exhibit greater protection.

Metabolic and humoral mechanisms have been known to be involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular-related sympathetic overdrive. Sympathetic overactivity in the genesis of major complications of cardiovascular system and associated organ damages has been reported as one of the major participant. Evidences has been provided that sympathetic neural mechanisms may participate in the development of cardiovascular -related target organ damage, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, impaired arterial compliance vascular atherosclerosis and renal failure. Renalase, a circulating FAD-dependent amine oxidase, has been reported as a secretion in blood form the kidney as well as from heart, skeletal muscle and small intestine and known to alter systemic blood pressure, cardiac & renal function in health and diseases. It has been identified in two isoforms of the human protein and is produced by alternative splicing. In vitro studies have demonstrated that Renalase triggers the release as well as degrades catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine and thus has been claimed to have casual link between sympathetic overdrive and increase risk of cardiovascular dysfunction & related organ damage. This paper discussed the main features of physiological functions of renalase, including its sources of secretion, expression and circulating level and their relevance with adrenergic function in cardiovascular dysfunctions & related organ damage. The paper also reviewed the potential role of renalase in the diagnostic and /or therapeutic approach to cardiovascular disorders & renal diseases, aimed at regulation of sympathetic deactivation.