Inorganic elements are essential for growth and development of the plants grown either in vivo or in vitro. During in vitro differentiation, the minerals are absorbed from the basal medium and used during cell proliferation and differentiation. There are number of reports to understand mineral metabolism in sugarcane with reference to productivity studies, crop logging, mineral deficiencies and physiological role in sugar metabolism. During present investigation, major and minor elements are analyzed from the three stages (IC, IM and IR) of differentiating tissues.

Sugarcane tissue culture is frequently used for the developmental studies during organogenesis .Organogenesis is complicated process involving cellular, molecular and tissue level change in the metabolism. The unorganized mass of cells differentiates in to shoots by undergoing modifications in the metabolic reaction etc. It is necessary to study there metabolic change by investigating glucose utilization pattern. However there are no reports on C¹⁴ glucose uptakes studies in 3 organogenetic stages. During short term feeding the highest glucose activity is observed in callus stage and it declines as the tissue dedifferentiates into shoots. Similar pattern is observed during long term exposure. It indicates that C¹⁴ glucose utilization pattern depends on the organogenetic stage and its requirements are higher at the initial callus stage than in the completely regenerative shoots.

siRNAs (Short interfering RNAs) and miRNAs (microRNAs), which are mediate silencing via distinct mechanisms C. elegans and Homo sapiens. The breaking of a doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) matching a specific gene sequence into short pieces called short interfering RNA, which trigger the degradation of mRNA that matches its sequence. In this review, we discussed the RNA interference with its principle and application in recent biological research areas.

In all living organisms there is an increasing procession of chemical reactions and processes, which leads to fundamental internal changes. Living substance is constantly being torn down and built up. The general activities of protoplasm are being maintained. Waste products are being eliminated and vast amount of energy in constantly being expended. The sum total of these processes and changes is called metabolism. The present investigation was under taken to study the changes in organic metabolites of different regenerated stages in sugarcane var. co 740. The organic matters like chlorophyll, protein, proline, and polyphenols, reducing sugar, total sugar starch, moisture percentage and TAN were analyzed.

The mandible was the largest (43.00 ± 1.833 cm), heaviest (2.52 ± 0.331 kg) and thickest (5.00 ± 0.316 cm) bone of the skull. The body of the bone was long (14.30 ± 0.687 cm), narrows (4.90 ± 0.359 cm), dorsally grooved and completely ossified. It carried 10 cheek, 4 canine and 6 incisor teeth. The mandibular and mental foramina were large. There was an additional foramen below the 2nd cheek tooth on the lateral side of horizontal ramus of the mandible. An additional triangular process was also present below and behind the mandibular condyle. The height (22.80 ± 0.761 cm) of the mandible was more than the vertical ramus (21.40 ± 1.080 cm). The vertical ramus was wider (9.20 ± 0.303 cm) than the horizontal part which measured 19.50 ± 0.632 cm in length and 7.90 ± 0.328 cm in width. The angle of jaw was not much pronounced. The rostral border of vertical ramus was 8-10 times thicker (5.20 ± 0.363 cm) than the caudal border (0.50 ± 0.0210 cm) medially on vertical ramus there were two rough thickenings for heavy muscular attachments. The mandibular foramen was approximately in the middle of the medial surface of vertical ramus. The mandibular condyle was large prismatic in shape and had extensive, convex articular surface which was divided into rostral and caudal parts by an articular ridge.