Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) remains, to date, one of the major causes of both health-care associated (HA) and community-associated (CA) infections. S. aureus causes a variety of infections, ranging from skin and soft tissue infections [SSTI] to life threatening endocarditis. The present study was conducted to characterize Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections with reference to associated risk factors, clinical syndrome and its development of antimicrobial resistance. Methods: 400MRSA were isolated by standard conventional methods from various clinical samples received in the department of microbiology. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by CLSI guidelines. Inducible clindamycin were detected by as per CLSI guidelines by D-zone test. Demographic and clinical history was collected from medical record. Results: Total of 400 MRSA were collected from various clinical samples received from various wards and intensive care units (ICUs). 107 (26.75%) MRSA were from blood stream infections (BSIs) and endocarditis, 81(20.25%) were from osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, 97(24.25%) were from skin and soft tissue infections, 62(15.5%) were from pneumonia, 45(11.25%) were from urinary tract infection (UTI). Of the total 400 MRSA strains; 183(45.75%) strains were isolated from pediatric and neonatal age group. 41 % MRSA strains were isolated from various intensive care Unit. 35.75% strains were determined as a inducible clindamycin phenotype while all MRSA strains were susceptible for vancomycin and tigecycline. 99.5% strains were susceptible for linezolid. 75.25% and 42.75% MRSA strains were defined as CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA according to CDC epidemiologic definitions by clinical criteria; Conclusion: Local surveillance data to identify prevalent pathogens, detect bacterial resistance and to identify disseminated strains is decisive to the selection of best possible treatment regimens.

Background: Enterococci are an important cause of hospital acquired infection and have become progressively more resistant to antibiotics. Vancomycin resistant enterococci are emerging as an important problem in hospitals worldwide leading to therapeutic failures. Therefore, this study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of the enterococcus infection in our tertiary care hospital and to determine the antibiogram with special emphasis on vancomycin resistance. Methods: From the period, January 2015-July 2015,225 isolate of enterococcus species were obtained from different clinical samples .The antibiotic susceptibility of these enterococcal isolates was performed by Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion method and was further confirmed by Vitek 2C System. Results: Out of these 225 enterococcal isolates, 168(74.7%) were identified as Enterococcus fecalis and 51 (22.7%) were Enterococcal faecium. The maximum no of isolates were from urine 122(54.2%) followed by the isolate from pus 41(18.2%). These isolates showed high level resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and high level gentamycin i.e. 58.2%, 47.6% and 43.6% respectively. The resistance to vancomycin in our study was found in only 10(4.4%) enterococcal isolates. Conclusion: The study showed low level resistance to vancomycin amongst enterococcal isolates. Howeverthe presence of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) along with increased rate of multidrug resistance amongst these isolates calls for regular surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibilities for the enterococcal isolates.