Background- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) continue to be problematic for both humans and animals. This disease primarily affects adult travelers to areas where it is endemic. The pathogenesis of ETEC infections has been well understood for two decades, and there is good evidence for immunity after infection. This study aimed to prepare and evaluate E. coli possess K99 vaccine to induce humoral and cellular immunity against challenge with homologues strain of E. coli in mice. Materials and Methods- E. coli posses K99 was isolated from diarrheal fecal samples of horses and used for preparation of killed vaccine. Two groups of mice (twenty in each) were used, first group was vaccinated with 0.5 ml of killed E. coli K99 vaccine containing 1×10⁸ C.F.U, twice at two weeks intervals subcutaneously (S/C), second group was injected S/C with phosphate buffer saline (PBS). ELISA test was used to detect humoral immunity at 2, 4 and 6 weeks post booster dose, while cellular immunity detected by delayed type hypersensitivity test (DTH-skin test) after 21 days of immunization, the vaccinated and control mice groups were challenged with (1×10¹⁰) of virulent E. coli Post six weeks of vaccination. Results- Antibody titers (IgG) was increased significantly (p <0.05) at 2, 4 and 6 weeks in the immunized group and the maximum increase was determined at fourth week to reach (687.1±56.9) in comparison with the control group which remained within the normal value in all times of the experiment. Immunized groups revealed a significant increase in foot-pad thickness after 24 & 48 hrs. post inoculation with soluble antigen in comparison with control group in delayed type hypersensitivity test (DTH test). A significant protection was observed in immunized groups challenged with 4LD₅₀ (4 ×10¹⁰ cells) compared with control group of mice which died within 1-3 days. Conclusion- Vaccination of mice with killed E. coli vaccine was induced humoral and cellular immune responses against challenge with virulent E. coli. This vaccine of E. coli [K99] proved efficacy to use against colibaccillosis.

Background and Objective: An estimated 75% of women will have at least one episode of VVC, and 40-45% will have two or more episodes within their lifetime and infection occurs more frequently in pregnant women-CDC. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis along with its antifungal susceptibility pattern among antenatal women attending Obstetric and Gynecology Department Sir T Hospital, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. Methods: Vaginal swab specimens for culture were drawn from 100 female attending obstetric and gynecology Department, Sir T Hospital, Bhavnagar during August 2009 to August 2011. The specimen was inoculated into Sabouraud’s dextrose agar and the isolated colonies were identified by battery of biochemical reactions. The specimen were also inoculated Chrom Candida differential agar. Antifungal sensitivity pattern of isolates was studied by Modified Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion technique on Muller Hinton agar with 2% glucose and Methylene blue. Result: In this study, a total number of 100 patients of vaginal Candidiasis were included, among them 40 samples indicates positivity, out of them 22 samples (55%) indicate Candida albicans and 18 samples (45%) are Non albicans species. Conclusion: Vaginal candidiasis is an extremely common infection in 60-70% women during their reproductive age at least once in their lives. There is an increase in infections with non-albicans Candida spp. and few of them are intrinsically resistant to azoles. Effective antifungal treatment is an important criterion in treating the candidial infections.

One hundred and fifty five of Gram-negative-lactose fermented bacteria grown on MacConkey agar were collected from two main hospitals in Al- Najaf province. The isolates were identified according to cultural characteristics, biochemical activities and Vitick -2 system. 43(27.7%) isolates were identified as Klebsiella spp. Isolates, represented by 35(81.3%) isolates K. pneumoniae subsp. aerogenes, 4(9.3%) isolates Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, 2 (4.6%) isolates Klebsiella oxytoca, as well as one isolate for each of K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae and K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis. The susceptibility of Klebsiellae isolates to 20 antibiotics were tested, using disc diffusion method; the results have revealed that Klebsiellae isolates were highly resistant to most common antibiotics. The ability of Klebsiellae isolates to produces extended β-lactamase were tested, the results have revealed that 26 (60.4%) isolates produce ESBLs. The ability of Klebsiellae isolates to have CTX-M gene was tested; PCR amplification results have shown that 15 of Klebsiellae isolates were possess CTX-M lactamase gene.

Background & Objective- Rapid identification of yeast infections is helpful in prompt appropriate antifungal therapy. Chromogenic medium is also helpful in identifying "multi-species" yeast. CHROM agar Candida is a differential culture medium that is claimed to facilitate the isolation and rapid identification of some clinically important yeast species. Material and Method- A Total of 100 yeast isolates were included in this study. All isolates were identified by inoculation on CHROM agar and compared to the results of Sabouraud’s dextrose agar inoculation, followed by dalmau plate (cornmeal agar) morphology and other standard identification techniques. Result- Out of 100 isolates, 29 produced green colonies of Candida albicans, 65 non-albicans Candida were 36 produced blue colonies of C. tropicalis, 13 produced rose pink colonies of C. krusei, 9 produced off white to pale pink colony of C. parapsilosis, 7 produced purple colony of C. gulliermondii and 6 were C. glabrata with pink colonies. Conclusion- The use of chromogenic medium Candida agar is an easy and reliable method for the rapid identification of most commonly isolated Candida species, with typical color shown by Candida species, in less time & early identification of inherent azole resistant species of Candida which require early antifungal therapy.

Background: Tuberculosis is a major health problem in India. The situation has been made worse because of the emergence of drug resistance. Tuberculosis has affected more than one third of the world's population and India contributes to ¼ of the global annual incidence. With ¼ of the drug resistant forms coming from India. With this context the present study was undertaken to assess the magnitude and pattern of drug resistance among the isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Aims & Objective: To detect the drug-resistance pattern of the isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a tertiary care hospital. The objective was achieved by screening of sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), culture of AFB positive samples on Lowenstein-Jensen's (L.J.), identification of isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and drug susceptibility testing (DST) against first-line and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Methods: Standard procedures were followed for the isolation & identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. DST was carried out by proportion method on L.J. to detect drug resistance pattern. Results: Out of 1186 samples studied, 123 were AFB & culture positive strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Of these 123 strains 10 isolates were Multi-drug resistant (MDR-TB) showing resistance to both Isoiniazide and Rifampicin. Out of these 10 strains two are Extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB strains -one is resistant to kanamycin, ethionamide, ciprofloxacin and rifabutin while the other is resistant to kanamycin, D-Cycloserine, ciprofloxacin and rifabutin. Mono-drug resistance to D-cycloserine was observed in one isolate while resistance to two drugs like ethionamide, P-amino salicylic acid; ethionamide, ciprofloxacin and ethionamide, D-Cycloserine was observed in three isolates. Conclusion: The present work helps to study & monitor antibiotic susceptibility test results. Moreover its documentation will make us aware of any change in resistance pattern as and when it occurs.