Significant antimicrobial action of the antipsychotic drug triflupromazine (Tp) against various genera of bacteria has been evaluated extensively in previous studies. This present investigation was designed to study whether this phenothiazine is able to augment action of an antibiotic when tested in combination. A total of twelve different bacterial strains belonging to various genera were used and tested to be sensitive against many antibiotics and the non antibiotic Tp. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all the test bacteria with respect to the antibiotics ranged fron 2- 50 µg/ml. In case of Tp, MIC ranged from 25-200 µg/ml. Disc diffusion assays revealed synergism between Tp and penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, streptomycin (Sm), gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Antagonistic effect was shown between Tp and cloxacillin, erythromycin and tetracyclin. Most effective and statistically significant (p<0.001) synergism was observed when Tp was combined with Sm. Following checkerboard method, the Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index of the duo was determined to be 0.375, which confirmed significant synergism. The pair when subjected to in vivo experiments in mice challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium NCTC 74, showed statistically significant (p<0.001) mouse protection and also resulted in reduction of the infection in internal organs. This further suggests the pair to be highly synergistic. Thus, from this study it can be concluded that the antimicrobial activity of the non antibiotic Tp can be further remarkably increased in combination with a suitable antibiotic to combat against multi drug resistant bacteria and can be used effectively as an alternative therapy.

Objective- High risk Human Papilloma virus (HPV) infection is often related to cervical cancer. This study investigated the infection of High risk Human Papilloma virus in cervical epithelia among infertile patients. Materials and Methods- In a prospective study 315 infertile women between the age of 32-50 year were screened for genital infections (Human Papilloma virus in cervical smear) during their first visit to infertility center. Pap smears and swabs specimens were taken from 315 women. Papanicolaou staining method & cytology were used. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was then performed for Papilloma viruses on all patients. Results- Three hundred and fifteen women were recruited. Out of which total no of primary infertile cases were 98 while total no of positive cases were 77. Conclusion- Because the study shows the prevalence of High risk HPV infection among infertile patients more careful screening of women by Papsmear in combination with HPV DNA test is recommended.

Periodontal disease progress by destructive acute phases intercalated by reparative chronic phases. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and histological evidence of the periodontal disease reparative phase by analyzing bone wall conditions inside periodontal pockets and histologic images of periodontal pockets, identified in relevant publications. 81 patients with periodontitis, were randomly assigned into this study. Clinical and radiographic parameters were established to diagnose periodontal disease providing a sample of 133 diseased areas, which were treated by modified Widman flap. Documentation by digital photography were recorded in the surgery. Relevant publications showing histological images of periodontal pockets, were identified in Medline, PubMed and Google data base, were scanned and digitalized. All images obtained were evaluated and the presences of the reparative evidence in the zone around the underlying destroyed alveolar bone were critically analyzed. All periodontal bone defects, showed cortical bone reparations at different levels inside periodontal bone defects. All histologic images of periodontal pockets identified in relevant publications showed repaired gingival-attached connective tissue localized above underlying destroyed alveolar bone. All the evidences analyzed in this study suggested that periodontal disease is predominantly chronic, quiescent, showing reparative phases in different levels.

This study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among south-western Nigerian undergraduates, a basically healthy young adult population, who are the main potential blood donors in the society. The investigators obtained permission from the management of the Ladoke Akintola University of Tehcnology (LAUTECH) Health Center, Ogbomoso to access the medical records of the first-year university students who underwent routine post-admission medical screening exercise. The demographic information of students and the hepatitis B virus status were copied. Their personal identification information such as names and admission numbers were not copied to ensure anonymity. A total of 1,572 students with a mean age of 19.61 (± 2.75) years were included in the study. The age range was 15- 50 years. Of the 1,572 subjects, 821 (52.2%) were males while 751 (47.8%) were females. Majority of the subjects (99.6%) were aged 15-30 years. Those aged ≥31 years were comparatively few (0.6%). Of the 1,572 students, 77 tested positive, giving a general Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) carriage of 4.9% in the population tested. Of the 821 male students, 54 (6.6%) tested positive while 23 (3.1%) of the 751 female subjects were positive. Age group 31-40 years had the highest prevalence HBsAg (20%). Age-groups ≤20, 21-30 and ≥ 41 years had 4.8%, 5% and nil respectively. Hepatitis B Virus has a moderate prevalence among the south-western adult population of Nigeria as against the national prevalence which is generally believed to be high.

Significant bacteriuria refers to the laboratory findings of >105 colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria per mL of urine which is diagnostic of urinary tract infection. This study was done to determine significant bacteriuria among paediatric patients attending Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nigeria. Midstream urine was collected from 300 paediatric patients between the ages of 1 to 16 yrs. at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi. Culture plates with bacteria counts greater than or equal to 1 x 105cfu ml-1 were taken as positive which indicates urinary tract infection (UTI). The bacteria isolates were identified based on colony morphological characteristics as well as biochemical tests using API staph and Rapid ID 32E for Gram positive and Gram negative isolates respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out according to clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI). The result of this study showed 8% prevalence of significant bacteriuria among children. Twenty-four children had significant bacteriuria; 16(66.7%) were from female participants while eight (33.3%) were from male participants. Staphylococcus aureus 7(29.17%) was the most predominant organism, followed by Escherichia coli 6 (25%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 5(20.83%), Staphylococcus xylosus 3(12.5%), Pseudomonas 1(4.17%), Klebsiella oxytoca 1(4.17%) and Staphylococcus chromogenes 1(4.17%). Urine microscopy showed that 24 specimens had significant bacteriuria. All the isolates were susceptible to imipenem. Significant bacteriuria in children has shown an increasingly prevalence. With avert of antimicrobial resistance, there are bound to be serious public health problems if proper control measures are not implemented.