The diagnosis of tuberculosis in developing countries has been done by direct microscopic examination which has low sensitivity. Most of the patients with TB are detected as free of TB. For the low sensitivity of the directed microscopy, a new high sensitive fluorescent microscope was developed. In addition bleach sedimentation technique increased the sensitivity of both direct and fluorescent techniques. This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the value of fluorescent microscopy and bleach sedimentation method for the detection of smear negative tuberculosis cases in sputum sample in comparison with direct microscopy. A total of 132 sputum samples from patients aged 7 to 75 years were examined during the study period. Culture (Gold standard) result identified 75 subjects as positive. Among 75 cultures positive sputum samples direct Ziehl Neilson technique identified 50 samples as positive with sensitivity of 66% and specificity of 98.2%. In fluorescent microscopy 55 of them were identified as positive with sensitivity of 78.6% and specificity of 80.7% in comparison with culture. On the other hand over night bleach sedimentation in Ziehl Neilson technique has increased the sensitivity to 76% and resulted in specificity of 91.2%. Bleach fluorescent microscopy has increased the sensitivity to 82.7% and resulted in specificity of 80.7% in comparison with culture. From the total of 132 samples 81 were smear negative samples as confirmed by direct microscopy. From these 81 samples direct fluorescent microscopy has identified 12 samples as positive out of 25 culture positive samples with sensitivity of 48% and specificity of 80.3%. Bleach direct microscopy has identified 8 positive with sensitivity of 32% and specificity of 89.3%. Bleach fluorescent microscopy identified 13 as positive with sensitivity of 52% and specificity of 82%. Therefore, the combination of bleach sedimentation and florescent microscopy can be used as a diagnostic tool for the reduction of morbidity and mortality occurring from Tuberculosis and can be used for early diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

The aim of the study was to isolate and characterize bacteriocin producing Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from fermented foods products and to exploit their potential as biopreservatives. The two Lactobacillus strains namely L. plantarum and L. fermentum exhibiting wide spectrum of activity against closely related strain were selected and screened for their bacteriocin producing ability. Cell free supernatant fluid collected from both the isolates and several gram positive and gram negative pathogens such as S.aureus, E.coli, P.aeruginosa, S.pneumoniae, Klebisella, and proteus were inhibited by the inhibitory action of bacteriocins in study. The bacteriocinogenic potential in these strains appeared non-inducible and increase in their titer was observed after exposure to different concentrations of UV light. The concentrated crude bacteriocin samples subjected to ammonium sulphate precipitation resulted in an increased activity and high protein yield. By non-denaturing gel a band of approximately 8 KDa for L. fermentum and band corresponding to 37KDa in L. plantarum was seen. Physio-chemical characterization of the partially purified bacteriocin samples indicated heat (121°C for 60 min) and acidic pH stability (pH 2-6) of bacteriocin. Exposure to different carbon and other substations also resulted in increased bacteriocin titer. The high performance liquid chromatography was performed for L. plantarum.

Background: Traumatic bites and wound infections, particularly from animal associated accidents continue to debilitate many victims world-wide. The reservoired potentially pathogenic oral microflora of the aggressors were yet to be fully characterized. Methods: The oral microflora of Python regius (a captive nonvenomous snake) and Clelia scyntalina (a non captive venomous snake) were investigated by culture of the oropharyngeal swabs, to evaluate the commensals, the potential pathogens, and the antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteria flora. Results: Eighteen (18) bacteria isolates belonging to 12 Genera were detected. Nine (9) species were Gram negatives (Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas proteolytica, Serratia liquefaciens, Citrobacter freundii, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Neisseria flora), and Gram positives (Enterococcus feacalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Staph-ylococcus agalactiae, Bacillus mycoides, and Bacillus pumilus) respectively. The Gram negative bacteria were resistant to Ampicillin, Cotri-moxazole, Nalidixic acid and Nitrofurantoin. 50% of these bacteria were susceptible to Streptomycin, Colistin, and Gentamicin. Serratia mar-cescens was resistant to all the antibiotics except Nalidixic acid, while Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas proteolytica and Citrobacter freundii were only susceptible to Colistin. Of the Gram positive bacteria isolates, Staphylococcus epidermidis was susceptible to the tested antibiotics except Amoxicillin and Cloxacillin, while Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, and Strepto-coccus agalactiae were only susceptible to Gentamicin. The detected mycoflora were eight (8) fungal species belonging to six (6) Genera, comprising Aphanomyces sp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Schizosaccharomyces sp. (from Python regius); Candida sp., Monilia sp., Candida krusei, and Penicillium sp. (from Clelia scyntalina). Conclusion: Etiologic agents of septic wound infections that may either become opportunistic reptilian pathogens, or potentiate antibiotic therapeutic failure of infections in susceptible snakebite victims were detected. This research advance the ecology of microorganisms in respect of bacteria pathogens, antibiogram and the oral mycobiome of companion animals.

Background- The evaluation of the effects of new compounds and nonconventional anti-tuberculous drugs have grown and become increas-ingly more popular in recent years. Studies have shown anti-tuberculous activity for Ruthenium complexes, including organometallic com-pounds containing phosphine ligands such as picolinic acid generating great expectations and hopes. Methods- The Representational Difference Analysis (RDA) was applied in order to gain insight about differences in expression of Mycobacte-rium tuberculosis H37Rv exposed to [Ru(dppb)(pic)(bypy)] PF6 (SCAR1) and isoniazid (INH). Total RNA was extracted from the bacillus not exposed and exposed to SCAR1 and INH separately at concentration of MIC for 12 hours at 35°C. RDA was carried out and differentially expressed products were sequenced. Results- RDA-sequencing identified, for both compounds, orthologs that encode hypothetical and predict proteins. One related cell wall syn-thesis gene, identified by RDA, and genes related to INH target as inhA, katG and ahpC had their expression confirmed and quantified by real-time PCR. The gene encoding the cell wall associated hydrolase was induced 4.627 and 1.189, inhA 0.983 and 1.027, katG 1.111 and 1.345 and ahpC 1.063 and 1.039 fold after exposure to SCAR1 and INH respectively, compared to not exposed growth. Conclusion- The RDA brings, for the first time, directions to study related genes with metabolic pathways of SCAR1. RDA and Real-Time PCR highlight the idea that one of the SCAR1 interaction, in M tuberculosis may be in the cell wall biosynthesis considering the differential expression of a cell wall hydrolase and warrants further investigation.

The present study included the detection of A. hydrophila in some clinical cases in the governorate of AL-Najaf, during the period from October 2011 to March 2012.The samples was collected from stool samples for A. hydrophila isolates. The PCR method of gene (16S rRNA) was the best methods for diagnosis, which has led to isolate and diagnosis of (23) isolate of A. hydrophila from stool samples. The PCR technique was used for detection of some genes in A. hydrophila like heamolysin (hyl) and aerolysin (aerA) genes which were responsible for pathogenicity of bacteria. The (hyl) and (aerA) genes presented in (80%, 72%) respectively for the clinical isolates.