Background & Objective: Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are metalloenzymes of Ambler class B and are resistant to clavulanic acid.. They require zinc as co-factor for enzymatic activity and their activity is inhibited by ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid(EDTA) and other metal ion chelating agents. The first plasmid-mediated MBL was reported in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Japan in 1991. Since then many countries including few reports from India are available regarding the prevalence of MBLs. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of MBLs in Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. Methods: A total number of 2912 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas spp. (n=2162) and Acinetobacter spp. (n=750) obtained over a period of one year, were screened for MBL production by CDST & DDST. Results: A total of 325 out of 2912 isolates were positive for MBL production; of which 247 (11.42%) and 78(10.40%) were for Pseudomonas spp and Acinetobacter spp. respectively. Conclusion: MBL producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii group are present in this institution, although in low prevalence. However, to prevent the increase in the incidence of these multidrug resistant organisms and to prevent their dissemination, it is important to detect them and make judicious use of antibiotics based on their susceptibility patterns.

Aim: Phenotypic Detection of Metallo-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from Patients of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Ahmedabad. Material and Method: The study was conducted over period of one year, from July 2011 to June 2012. A total of 1072 Enterobacteriaceae isolates from various clinical samples of indoor patients were included in the study. All isolates were non-duplicate. Antimicrobial susceptibility of all the isolates was performed by the disc diffusion method. Metallo beta lactamase (MBL) production was detected in imipenem-resistant isolates by phenotypic tests. The Imipenem (IMP)-EDTA combined disc diffusion test was used. Result and Discussion: MBL producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates were 2.35%. Most common MBL producing organism was Klebsiella pneumoniae, from swab and urine of patients collected from ICU (debilitated patients). In present study, the imipenem-resistant isolates also show resistance to other groups of antibiotics, which is a uniquely seen with MBLs producers that show a broad-spectrum resistance profile. The majority of these MBL isolates were from patients of the intensive care unit (ICU) and post-operative wards (surgical ward); areas where the majority of critically ill patients are concentrated. The majority of the organisms were from swab and urine. Klebsiella pneumoniae among all Enterobacteriaceae were the predominant MBL producers in our study. Conclusion: There is a need for active surveillance to detect MBL producers. There should be judicious use of carbapenems to prevent their spread and use of effective antibiotics as per the antibiotic-sensitivity report.

Chromoblastomycosis is a fungal infection of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is non contagious and chronic fungal infection. Several species of pheoid or dematacious fungi which are saprophytes are the causative agents. Infection occurs when the causative agent enters the body with trauma especially with wood splinters or thorn pricks. Diagnosis is done by demonstration of sclerotic bodies or Medlar bodies in KOH mounts and histopathological examination, culture on Sabourauds agar and by Molecular and Serological methods.Case Presentation: A 50 year old male patient presented with. multiple plaques over the scalp and on the nape of the neck over the last 1 month, It was associated with itching. He did not give any history of injury but carried wood on his head and shoulders. The condition was diagnosed as Tinea capitis and skin scrapings sent for microscopic examination and fungal culture. Laboratory diagnosis.The diagnosis of Chromoblastomycosis by Fonsecaea. compacta (F. compacta) was made based on the finding of sclerotic bodies in KOH mounts and characteristic growth on SDA. Conclusions:- Chromoblastomycosis presenting as a plaque like lesions should be considered as it may be confused with other superficial dermatic lesions.

Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are known to be etiological agents of cervical cancer and have been found in 99.7% of women with high-grade (HG) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) pre-cancer. Testing of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) has been proposed as a way of improving cervical screening, especially for women with low-grade (LG) Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the diagnostic correlation of real-time PCR technique with Pap smear results for 13 genotypes of HR-HPV in 415 of suspected women. Pap smear results showed the suspected women with abnormal and normal cytological changes were 79.3% (329/415) and 20.7% (86/415), respectively. In contrast, real-time PCR results showed that women with or without abnormal changes had HR-HPV DNA positive were 50.5% (166/329) and 10.5% (9/86), respectively. Thus, Pap smear results had no sensitive to predicate risky for LG-CIN women were observed. According to the real-time PCR results, the incident of HG or cancer was more associated with HR-HPV. Our findings indicated the real-time PCR test with the cytological test as a routine practice for women with LG-CIN reduces the incidence of HG or cancer. After that, the prospective studies should be appropriated to determine HR-HPV genotypes and viral load (copies/cell) with realtime PCR test as predicate risk-factor.