Out of 260 strains isolated from the clinical specimens from different wards of hospital, 105 were identified as Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of vancomycin of these strains were determined by agar dilution method following CLSI guidelines. Sensitivity of different antibiotics was determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Eight strains had MIC of vancomycin of 4 microgram /ml (μg/ml), 138 strains had MIC of 2 microgram /ml and 114 had MIC of 1 microgram/ml. All strains having MIC 4μg/ml were MRSA and were resistant to more than five antibiotics. Out of 138 strains having MIC of 2 μg/ml, 88 were MRSA and 50 were MSSA. Significant relation was found between increase in MIC of vancomycin and methicillin resistance. The most common risk factors associated with increased MIC of vancomycin were prior treatment of vancomycin and prolonged hospitalization .

Since plants are used as therapeutic agents, the present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical profile and antibacterial activities of extracts of. Eclipta alba and Tylophora indica .Studies on the antibacterial activity of methanol, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of dry leaf, stem and root of Eclipta alba and Tylophora indica was evaluated using zone of inhibition studies and minimum inhibitory concentration. The microorganisms used include Escherichia coli, Micrococcus roseus and Pseudomonas flavescens . The extract exhibited antibacterial activity against these experimental strains. Methanol extracts shows higher degree of antibacterial activity than aqueous and petroleum ether extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 12.5mg/mL and 75mg/mL depending on microorganism and various extract. Screening of the phytochemical extracts revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and flavonoids. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas flavescens are more sensitive where as Micrococcus roseus is less sensitive to extracts of Eclipta alba and Tylophora indica. The experimental observation shows that Eclipta alba and Tylophora indica have antibacterial activity and can be used for therapeutic purposes.

Development of natural antimicrobial strategies has always attracted researchers, as disease outbreaks are recognized as important constraints to living organisms because of the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. Use of probiotic bacteria has been in practice as alternatives to antimicrobials in disease control as microbial control agents. Probiotics, the natural and beneficial micro flora has been widely accepted and used in farming and aquaculture because of its diversified applications. It improves water and pond sediment quality which inturn improves aquatic life. Bacterial pathogenicity and virulence can be controlled without using excessive antibiotics which help to minimize the risk of multiple antibiotic resistances. Probiotic help in increased productivity and profits when used properly as they produce antagonistic compounds that are inhibitory toward pathogens, compete with harmful microorganisms for nutrients and energy, compete with deleterious species for adhesion sites, enhance the immune response of the animal, improve water quality, and interact with phytoplankton. Among the large number of probiotic products in use today are bacterial spore formers, mostly of the genus Bacillus. The genus Bacillus is widely used as probiotic products because of its extremely resistant spores which provide exceptional longevity and release exoenzymes. The current investigation is to identify a novel strain of Bacillus licheniformis by application of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The approach is to identify a novel, proteases and amylases producing bacteria which is used for detergent production. The sample was isolated from near Gudiwada, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Subsequently the sample was serially diluted and the aliquots were incubated for a suitable time period following which the suspected colony was subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed the isolate to be a novel, high alkaline protease producing bacteria, which was named Bacillus licheniformis strain EMBS026, after characterization the sequence of isolate was deposited in GenBank with accession number JQ267798.

The term probiotics means supporting life, just being on the opposite spectrum to antibiotic which is against life. Probiotic microorganisms are those microbially derived factors that stimulate the growth of other microorganisms. They are considered to be the best alternative of antibiotics. The current study illustrate the identification of a neutral protease producing bacteria from soil by 16s rRNA sequencing technique. The sample was collected from outskirts of Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India, over dump food wastes soil. The collected sample was serially diluted and the targeted colony after incubation over a certain time period was introduced to 16s rRNA sequencing. The result showed the extract to be a neutral protease producing bacteria which was further named as Paenibacillus polymyxa strain EMBS024. After characterization the sequence of isolate was deposited in GenBank with accession number JQ004091.