The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of continuous application of fertilizers and manures on soil quality parameters in the ongoing century-old Permanent Manurial Experiment of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2019. The post-harvest soil after harvest of 168th crop of sunflower was analyzed for physicochemical properties, chemical properties and enzyme activities. Results revealed that the application of inorganic fertilizers alone registered pH > 8.0 whereas the application of fertilizers and manures and application of manures alone registered pH < 8.0 in soil. Among the treatments, continuous application of NPK+FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 improved the cation exchange capacity, organic carbon content and available nutrient status in the soil whereas unbalanced fertilization and unfertilized control decreased the most, resulted in degraded soil fertility. The enzyme activities were higher with NPK+FYM. The results indicated that the combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers maintained higher soil quality.

Now a days, a major concern was to control the spread of the infection within communities was to understand the epidemiological factors of infection association between human and animal sources. The major risk factors of pathogen harbor from pigeons was risk to the human population because of widely distributed in most of the place. In this present study, we screened Salmonella sp. from pigeons by standard microbiological tests and also check the antimicrobial activity by using Piper nigrum leaf extract. Three different P. nigrum extracts like Methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared, and it was found that the methanolic extract showed excellent antibacterial effect against Salmonella than the other extracts.