He-Ne laser 632.8 nm plays an important role in wound healing. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the effect of He-Ne Laser on healing of deep wounds in rats employing : I-different methods of irradiation. The first method of irradiation is by a Laser beam spot of 4 mm in diameter. The second method, the spot Laser beam diameter was expand to 1cm by a converging lens, to produce a uniform irradiation on the entire wound length. II-different irradiation frequencies: (1) every other day, (2) daily, and (3) at the first post-operative day only. Eighty eight young male rats were used in this work, they divided in to four groups. The first group consists thirty two rats, which irradiated by He-Ne laser at the first post-operative day only. The second group consists twenty four rats which was exposed to laser every other day. The third group contains twenty four rats was exposed daily. Finally, the fourth group consists eight rats, which was regarded as a control group. A biopsy was taken from all irradiated rats for histological examination at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post operatively. The results demonstrate a clear promoter of wound healing in irradiated groups. But the best one was found in group treated by He-Ne laser with lens, irradiated every other day.

Background: Recent studies suggest that the prevalence of hypothyroidism among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) people who were on treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was higher than that in treatment naïve HIV infected people and those who were not infected with HIV. Objective: This study was to determine thyroid function test in HIV infected people on various regimen of HAART. Subjects and Methods: A total of 128 participants were randomly recruited for the study. Seventy six were HIV positive on HAART, 24 were HIV positive but treatment-naïve and HIV negative population was 28. Blood samples were collected from each study group for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT₄) and free triiodothyronine (FT₃). A chemiluminescence based third generation thyroid assay was used for the analysis of these parameters. Result: Free T3 and fT4 were observed to be significantly lower in HIV positive patients whether on HEART or not than those that were HIV-negative (p>0.001 and p=0.014). Correspondingly, TSH was found to be significantly higher in test groups than normal HIV-negative control, p<0.001. Conclussion: There is no difference in thyroid function test among HIV infected people, whether treatment naïve or on HAART. However, thyroid hormones (fT3, fT4) was lower in HIV positive patients than HIV-negative controls.

Background: Oral cancer is a becoming leading global cause of morbidity and mortality. It is one of the ten most common cancers in the world. Oral cancer is almost all the time preceded by some type of precancerous lesion. Early detection and elimination of the causative risk factor like tobacco can help in the reduction of the incidence of oral cancer. Aims and Objectives: To study the prevalence of oral precancerous lesions and its correlation with the use of tobacco in tobacco habituated population. Material and Methods: This one year duration study was undertaken on 106 employees of a charitable trust. After taking detailed history about tobacco habituation they were screened for the presence of oral precancerous lesions. Only clinical criteria were used for diagnosis of oral precancerous lesions. Efforts were also made to motivate them to quit the tobacco habit. Results and Observations: Out of total 106 subjects studied, 57 (53.77%) were tobacco users. Prevalence of oral precancerous lesions was (47.16%) in our study population, and all the lesions were exclusively seen in tobacco habitual. In tobacco habitual, oral leukoplakia as a single lesion was found in 18 cases, Erythroplakia in 9 cases and oral sub mucous fibrosis in 16 cases. A total of 9 (14%) subjects were showing multiple oral precancerous lesions. Conclusion: Tobacco acts as a major risk factor in the development of single or multiple oral precancerous lesions and they could be identified by simple oral cavity examination before they undergo malignant transformation.

Pneumocystis jirovecii is a life threatening opportunistic pathogen among immunocompromised individuals. In the present study we evaluated the applicability of quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for differentiation among diseased and colonized individuals with a diagnosis of PCP. A total of 355 patients were investigated with clinical suspicion of PCP, from whom 244 BALF and 111 induced sputum samples were obtained. All these specimens were subjected to microscopy using GMS staining, c-PCR assay and qPCR assay. 80 patients were found positive for PCP. The relevant clinical, microbiological and radiological information was available only for 68 patients and were further categorized into definite (n=12), probable (n=47) and colonizers (n=09) with P. jirovecii. The copy numbers, determined by qPCR assay, were significantly higher in definite PCP and probable PCP patients compared to colonizers. The AUC, sensitivity, and specificity for differentiating definite PCP from colonizers were 1.00, 100.0%, and 89.0%, respectively, at a cut-off value of 13950 copies/mL. The values for discriminating probable PCP from colonization were, 0.81, 72% and 78% respectively, at a cut-off value of 6580 copies/mL. However, the AUC, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.85, 75% and 78% respectively when colonizers were differentiated from both definite - probable PCP taken together, with a cut-off 7015 of copies/ml. Thus, there was an overlap between cut-off for probable PCP patients and colonizers. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that qPCR assay could be useful for discriminating definite PCP with colonizers, but had limitation for distinguishing between probable PCP from colonizers.

Background: Although thyroid dysfunctions exert significant effects on blood pressure (BP), published literature available has revealed con-tradictory data. Objectives: To explore the inter-relationships between selected thyroid dysfunctional status (hyper and hypothyroid conditions) and estab-lished biomarkers [thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4)]; and BP components [specifically Systolic BP (SBP), Diastolic BP (DBP), and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), and uniquely SBP:DBP ratio]. Materials and Methods: We followed rigid criteria in order to select adults with hyperthyroidism (n=71) and hypothyroidism (n=300), together with healthy age-matched controls (n =300), and applied a series of statistical analysis strategies to the datasets acquired. Results: Univariate statistical analyses of the SBP:DBP ratio by ANOVA and ANCOVA revealed that its mean value was significantly greater in hyperthyroid patients than those of healthy control and hypothyroid subjects (p˂0.0001). Body mass index (BMI) was significantly elevated in hypothyroid patients over those of healthy control and hyperthyroid subjects (p˂0.0001); healthy controls had a significantly greater BMI value than that of hyperthyroid patients (p˂0.0001). Multivariate (MV) analysis [redundancy analysis (RDA), canonical correlation analysis (CCorA), and principal component analysis (PCA)] demonstrated powerful relationships between all blood pressure components and thyroid disease classifications, together with their biomarker indices and further patient-related parameters. Conclusions: Since thyroid dysfunctional status is associated with elevated BP, and increasing BP is positively-correlated with elevated se-rum thyroid biomarkers, hyper and hypothyroid disorders should be recognized and treated early in order to avoid critical hazards presented by high BP.