Objective- Analyzing the prevalence of refractive errors in illiterates (uneducated) population. Design- RETROSPECTIVE: population based cross sectional study. Participants- Illiterate adults between 20 to 50 years of age having obvious refractive error. Material and Methods- A retrospective cross sectional study was carried out in illiterate adults between age group of 20 to 50 in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra. Recording visual acuity on Snellen’s E type chart, dilated retinoscopy and fundoscopy was done. Refractive error as myopia / hyperopia was noted as + / - 0.50 spherical / cylindrical. Results- Prevalence of hyperopia was more common than myopia in illiterate population. 2000 eyes of 1000 subjects were examined; majority age group was between25 to 35. Female were having relatively more refractive error 64% compared to male36%. Overall 76% of them were having hyperopia and only 24% were having myopia. Conclusion- Hyperopia is more prevalent in illiterate population and even more commoner in female. Commonest symptom associated was headache in late 20s and early 30s.

Objective- To study the complications of ND:YAG Laser capsulotomy. Participants- Patients between age group of 08 to 80 who is having significant posterior capsular opacification leading to decreased visual acuity from early post operative days. Material and Method- 200 patients with PCO were studied for post ND:YAG laser complications. The patient who is not having any organic cause of decreased vision and who have completed at least three months after cataract surgery were selected. ND:YAG laser procedure was performed and their visual acuity improvement along with complications associated with this procedure were studied. Results- The procedure is absolutely safe if strict selection (inclusion/exclusion) criteria is followed. Most of complications are transient which can be managed by proper medication. Complications like retinal detachment or cystoid macular edema are multifactoral and can not always be only due to laser capsulotomy alone. Endophthalmitis is rare complication but highly unpredictable which can not be ruled out but be well treated with newer generation intravitreal drugs or vitrectomy surgery. Most of the patients 86% were significantly benifited by improved visual acuity.

DNA sequence search is a very important topic in bioinformatics algorithm development. However, this task usually spends much computational time to search on large DNA sequence database. In this paper, we propose an efficient hierarchical DNA sequence search algorithm to improve the search speed while the accuracy is being kept constant. For a given query DNA sequence, firstly, a fast local search algorithm using histogram features is used as a filtering mechanism before scanning the sequences in the database. An overlapping processing is newly added to improve the robustness of the algorithm. A large number of DNA sequences with low similarity will be excluded for latter searching. The Smith-Waterman algorithm is then applied to each remainder sequences. Experimental results using GenBank sequence data show the proposed algorithm combining histogram information and Smith-Waterman algorithm is more efficient for DNA sequence search.